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- <text id=93TT2301>
- <title>
- Dec. 27, 1993: Genetic Geography
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Dec. 27, 1993 The New Age of Angels
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 66
- Genetic Geography
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>It's far from perfect, but researchers unveil the first complete
- map of all 23 pairs of human chromosomes
- </p>
- <p>By Christine Gorman--With reporting by J. Madeleine Nash/Chicago
- </p>
- <p> The first maps of the New World, drawn back in the age of Columbus
- and Magellan, were pitifully primitive. The early European explorers
- and cartographers thought that America was just a narrow strip
- of land and that the Pacific Ocean was small enough for a galleon
- to cross in a couple of weeks. But despite all their shortcomings,
- those first stabs at mapmaking captured the imaginations of
- adventurers and spurred more voyages of discovery.
- </p>
- <p> In much the same way, today's explorers of the genetic frontier
- have doggedly navigated the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in
- their search for various genes--not always sure which landmarks
- to trust or how far away the goal was. The hunt will now be
- easier, thanks to last week's announcement that an international
- team of scientists, led by Dr. Daniel Cohen at the Center for
- the Study of Human Polymorphism in Paris, has produced the first
- full-fledged--if still rough--map of the human genome. "This
- is a major step forward," says David Ward, a Yale geneticist
- who has been analyzing the map for errors. "It's a first pass,
- and it will have its warts. But it's still significant."
- </p>
- <p> Composed of long chains of DNA containing perhaps 100,000 genes,
- the human genome is far too vast to analyze all at once. So
- scientists use special enzymes to chop the chromosomes into
- small manageable pieces and pick out small identifiable stretches--called markers--on each segment. When researchers are searching
- for a disease gene, they look for a marker that is common to
- all people who suffer from that ailment. If one is found, then
- the defective gene is probably located somewhere near that marker.
- The problem is that although the gene hunters know where the
- marker is located on the chromosome, they don't necessarily
- know how close it lies to the suspect gene.
- </p>
- <p> That's why Cohen's new map will come in handy. To produce it,
- his group sliced many sets of chromosomes into thousands of
- segments and put each piece into a yeast cell. The cells then
- made thousands of copies of every piece of the human DNA. By
- studying different possible arrangements, Cohen's computerized
- machines were able to figure out the positions of a whole list
- of common markers as well as the proper order of the pieces.
- </p>
- <p> Cohen's laboratory now has in storage multiple copies, or clones,
- of about 33,000 chromosome segments. So if gene hunters want
- to search the area around a particular marker, they can request
- copies of the relevant DNA segments. Says Cohen: "You can call
- and say, `I need this and this clone,' and you'll get it in
- two days."
- </p>
- <p> Anyone wanting a description of the entire map should be able
- to obtain it through a computer: Cohen has promised to feed
- the information into the Internet, the global communications
- network most heavily used by scientists. "It should be equally
- available to all the world," he says.
- </p>
- <p> The ultimate goal for biologists is to determine the exact sequence
- of all the chemical components of all 100,000 genes. That will
- give scientists the full, detailed genetic instructions for
- a human being. But since that map will contain 3.5 billion separate
- points, it probably won't be completed until after the turn
- of the century.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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